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    <citation>
      <titlStmt>
        <titl xml:lang="sv">Antibiotikaresistens i kommensala E. coli-bakterier, samt gårdskaraktäristika, på vietnamesiska kycklinggårdar</titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="en">Antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli bacteria, and farm characteristics, on Vietnamese chicken farms</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="SND">2025-178-1</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="slu.se">SLU.kv.2023.4.4.IÄ-4</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">https://doi.org/10.5878/d9ck-bd78</IDNo>
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        <producer xml:lang="en" abbr="SND">Swedish National Data Service</producer>
        <producer xml:lang="sv" abbr="SND">Svensk nationell datatjänst</producer>
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    <citation>
      <titlStmt>
        <titl xml:lang="sv">Antibiotikaresistens i kommensala E. coli-bakterier, samt gårdskaraktäristika, på vietnamesiska kycklinggårdar</titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="en">Antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli bacteria, and farm characteristics, on Vietnamese chicken farms</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="SND">2025-178-1</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="slu.se">SLU.kv.2023.4.4.IÄ-4</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">https://doi.org/10.5878/d9ck-bd78</IDNo>
      </titlStmt>
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        <AuthEnty xml:lang="en" affiliation="Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences">Nohrborg, Sandra</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="sv" affiliation="Institutionen för kliniska vetenskaper, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet">Nohrborg, Sandra</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="en" affiliation="Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences">Magnusson, Ulf</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="sv" affiliation="Institutionen för kliniska vetenskaper, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet">Magnusson, Ulf</AuthEnty>
      </rspStmt>
      <prodStmt>
        <grantNo xml:lang="en" agency="Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning">2018-01093_3</grantNo>
        <grantNo xml:lang="sv" agency="Forskningsrådet för Miljö, Areella Näringar och Samhällsbyggande">2018-01093_3</grantNo>
      </prodStmt>
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        <distrbtr xml:lang="en" abbr="SND" URI="https://snd.se">Swedish National Data Service</distrbtr>
        <distrbtr xml:lang="sv" abbr="SND" URI="https://snd.se">Svensk nationell datatjänst</distrbtr>
        <distDate xml:lang="en" date="2025-10-20" />
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      <holdings URI="https://doi.org/10.5878/d9ck-bd78">Landing page</holdings>
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    <stdyInfo>
      <subject>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p27784">livestock farmers</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p27784">husdjursproducenter</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p15582">antimicrobial drugs</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p15582">antimikrobiella läkemedel</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p10820">antibiotics</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p10820">antibiotika</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p452">public health</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p452">folkhälsa</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p5632">public health medicine</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p5632">folkhälsovetenskap</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p29640">antibiotic resistance</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p29640">antibiotikaresistens</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p8770">poultry farming</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p8770">fjäderfäskötsel (arbete)</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p18878">veterinary medicine</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p18878">veterinärmedicin</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p22284">veterinary drugs</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p22284">djurläkemedel</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p8872">livestock industry</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="YSO" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/yso/p8872">husdjursskötsel (ekonomi)</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="AGROVOC" vocabURI="http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33700">escherichia coli</keyword>
      </subject>
      <abstract xml:lang="en" contentType="abstract">To increase the understanding of the antibiotic resistance situation small- and medium-scale chicken farming in Vietnam, a study was performed at 305 chicken farms in Thai Nguyen province in Northern Vietnam. The study presents data on antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli bacteria from healthy chickens (3 from each farm). In total 764 E. coli isolates were analysed for resistance against 15 antibiotic substances belonging to 11 antibiotic classes. Data on multi-drug resistance was also compiled.

During the same farm visits, data for a questionnaire-based study was also collected (dataset, and related paper, already published - see related resource), to evaluate farmers' practices and knowledge regarding AMR, as well as farm characteristics. Knowledge and practices were evaluated by using a statistical method called item response theory (IRT). This method is described in more detail in the already published paper (see related resource).

Some of those variables are also included in the current dataset since the purpose of the study, besides presenting resistance data, was to search for associations between farm(-er) characteristics and AMR occurrence.

The dataset consists of 765 rows and 37 columns. Variable names and answers are coded and explanations can be found in a separate file, "Chicken_farm_AMR_Vietnam_2025_explanations". Some of the variables that are re-used in this dataset has been renamed in the data analysis process. For easier comparisons of the datasets, both the old and new variable names are included in the explanation file. The questionnaire can be found in the data description published elsewhere (see associated data description).</abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="sv" contentType="abstract">För att öka förståelsen för antibiotikaresistenssituationen i små- och medelskalig kycklinguppfödning i Vietnam, har en studie genomförts på 305 kycklinggårdar i Thai Nguyen-provinsen, norra Vietnam. Studien presenterar data gällande resistens i kommensala E. coli-bakterier från friska kycklingar/höns (3 per gård). Totalt analyserades 764 E. coli-isolat för resistens mot 15 antibiotikasubstanser från 11 antibiotikaklasser. Data om multiresistens genererades också.

En enkätbaserad studie genomfördes vid samma gårdsbesök (datasetet, och relaterad artikel, redan publicerade - se relaterad resurs). I den tidigare publicerade studien undersöktes kycklinguppfödarnas praktik och kunskap relaterad till antibiotikaresistens, samt allmänna gårdskaraktäristika. Kunskap och praktik utvärderades med en statistisk metod som heter item response theory (IRT), läs mer om denna metod i tidigare publikation (relaterad resurs).

Vissa av variablerna från det tidigare publicerade datasetet är inkluderade även i detta dataset då den aktuella studiens syfte innefattade att leta efter associationer mellan bönders kunskap och praktik, samt gårdskaraktäristika, och förekomst av antibiotikaresistens.

Datasetet består av 765 rader och 37 kolumner. Variabelnamn och svar är kodade och beskrivning av dessa finns i en separat fil, "Chicken_farm_AMR_Vietnam_2025_explanations". Vissa av de återanvända variablerna har döpts om under databearbetningensprocessen i denna studie. För enklare jämförelse av dataseten så är både de gamla och nya variabelnamnen inkluderade i beskrivningsfilen. Enkäten som användes vid gårdsbesöken kan hittas i databeskrivningen som är publicerad sedan tidigare (se relaterade resurser).</abstract>
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        <collDate xml:lang="en" date="2021-11-25" event="start">2021-11-25</collDate>
        <collDate xml:lang="en" date="2022-01-20" event="end">2022-01-20</collDate>
        <collDate xml:lang="en" date="2021-11-25" event="start">2021-11-25</collDate>
        <collDate xml:lang="en" date="2022-01-20" event="end">2022-01-20</collDate>
        <collDate xml:lang="en" date="2023-01-24" event="start">2023-01-24</collDate>
        <collDate xml:lang="en" date="2023-11-02" event="end">2023-11-02</collDate>
        <nation xml:lang="en" abbr="VN">Viet Nam</nation>
        <nation xml:lang="sv" abbr="VN">Vietnam</nation>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="en" unit="Household">Household<concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/AnalysisUnit/2.1.3?languageVersion=en-2.1.3">Household</concept></anlyUnit>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="sv" unit="Hushåll">Hushåll<concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/AnalysisUnit/2.1.3?languageVersion=sv-2.1.3">Hushåll</concept></anlyUnit>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="en" unit="Individual">Individual<concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/AnalysisUnit/2.1.3?languageVersion=en-2.1.3">Individual</concept></anlyUnit>
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        <universe xml:lang="en">Small- and medium-scale poultry farmers i Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam, and chickens at their farms.</universe>
        <universe xml:lang="sv">Små- och medelskaliga kycklingproducenter, i Thai Nguyen-provinsen, Vietnam, samt kycklingar hos dessa producenter.</universe>
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        <dataKind xml:lang="en">Text</dataKind>
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    <method>
      <dataColl>
        <timeMeth xml:lang="en">Cross-section<concept vocab="DDI Time Method" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TimeMethod/1.2.3?languageVersion=en-1.2.3">Cross-section</concept></timeMeth>
        <timeMeth xml:lang="sv">Tvärsnitt<concept vocab="DDI Time Method" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TimeMethod/1.2.3?languageVersion=sv-1.2.3">Tvärsnitt</concept></timeMeth>
        <sampProc xml:lang="en">A sample size of 300 farms in total was considered sufficient for the purpose of the study, and was distributed evenly between the two farm-size categories. To select farms to be included, lists of all small- and medium-scale chicken-raising households, were collected from the sub-Department of Animal Health (sub-DAH) in each district. To avoid an over- or under-representation of a district, the numbers of farms to be included were stratified according to the proportion of farms in each farm size category in each district.

Two sampling frames, one for each farm-size category, were created from the obtained lists of chicken-raising households for each district. For logistic reasons, villages with less than five households were removed from the sampling frames. According to the stratification, households were then randomly selected via an online randomization tool (randomizer.org). If one household needed to be replaced for any reason, a nearby farm that met the requirements was included instead.

Three chickens/hens from each farm were randomly selected for sampling (cloacal swabs) for the purpose of bacterial culturing (E. coli) and antibiotic susceptibility testing. If several age categories of birds were present at a farm, birds from the oldest age category were sampled.<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=en-2.0.1">A sample size of 300 farms in total was considered sufficient for the purpose of the study, and was distributed evenly between the two farm-size categories. To select farms to be included, lists of all small- and medium-scale chicken-raising households, were collected from the sub-Department of Animal Health (sub-DAH) in each district. To avoid an over- or under-representation of a district, the numbers of farms to be included were stratified according to the proportion of farms in each farm size category in each district.

Two sampling frames, one for each farm-size category, were created from the obtained lists of chicken-raising households for each district. For logistic reasons, villages with less than five households were removed from the sampling frames. According to the stratification, households were then randomly selected via an online randomization tool (randomizer.org). If one household needed to be replaced for any reason, a nearby farm that met the requirements was included instead.

Three chickens/hens from each farm were randomly selected for sampling (cloacal swabs) for the purpose of bacterial culturing (E. coli) and antibiotic susceptibility testing. If several age categories of birds were present at a farm, birds from the oldest age category were sampled.</concept></sampProc>
        <sampProc xml:lang="sv">Ett urval på 300 gårdar totalt ansågs tillräckligt för studiens syfte, och distribuerades jämnt mellan två kategorier av gårdsstorlekar (småskaliga och medelskaliga, med 20-49 respektive 100-499 kycklingar).
Listor på hushåll som höll kycklingar i ovanstående omfattning samlades in från de lokala myndigheterna i Thai Nguyen-provinsen (sub-Department of Animal Health (sub-DAH)). För att undvika en över- eller underrepresentation av ett distrikt, stratifierades urvalet baserat på proportionen av gårdar inom varje storlekskategori per distrikt.

Två urvalsramar per distrikt, en för varje storlekskategori, skapades från de erhållna listorna. Av logistiska skäl togs byar med färre än fem hushåll totalt bort från urvalsramarna. Det stratifierade urvalet gjordes sedan med ett web-baserat randomiseringsverktyg (randomizer.org). Om ett hushåll av någon anledning behövde ersättas, valdes en gård så nära ursprungsgården som möjligt som uppfyllde kriterierna.

På varje gård valdes 3 kycklingar slumpmässigt ut för provtagning (kloaksvabb). Om flera ålderskategorier av kycklingar/höns fanns på gården så provtogs kycklingar/höns från den äldsta ålderskategorin.<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=sv-2.0.1">Ett urval på 300 gårdar totalt ansågs tillräckligt för studiens syfte, och distribuerades jämnt mellan två kategorier av gårdsstorlekar (småskaliga och medelskaliga, med 20-49 respektive 100-499 kycklingar).
Listor på hushåll som höll kycklingar i ovanstående omfattning samlades in från de lokala myndigheterna i Thai Nguyen-provinsen (sub-Department of Animal Health (sub-DAH)). För att undvika en över- eller underrepresentation av ett distrikt, stratifierades urvalet baserat på proportionen av gårdar inom varje storlekskategori per distrikt.

Två urvalsramar per distrikt, en för varje storlekskategori, skapades från de erhållna listorna. Av logistiska skäl togs byar med färre än fem hushåll totalt bort från urvalsramarna. Det stratifierade urvalet gjordes sedan med ett web-baserat randomiseringsverktyg (randomizer.org). Om ett hushåll av någon anledning behövde ersättas, valdes en gård så nära ursprungsgården som möjligt som uppfyllde kriterierna.

På varje gård valdes 3 kycklingar slumpmässigt ut för provtagning (kloaksvabb). Om flera ålderskategorier av kycklingar/höns fanns på gården så provtogs kycklingar/höns från den äldsta ålderskategorin.</concept></sampProc>
        <sampProc xml:lang="en">Mixed probability and non-probability<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=en-2.0.1">Mixed probability and non-probability</concept></sampProc>
        <sampProc xml:lang="sv">Blandat sannolikhets- och icke-sannolikhetsurval<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=sv-2.0.1">Blandat sannolikhets- och icke-sannolikhetsurval</concept></sampProc>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire.<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire.</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Datainsamlingen skedde ansikte mot ansikte via ett strukturerat frågeformulär.<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Datainsamlingen skedde ansikte mot ansikte via ett strukturerat frågeformulär.</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Face-to-face interview<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Face-to-face interview</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Personlig intervju<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Personlig intervju</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Cloacal swabs from 3 chickens/hens at each farm<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Cloacal swabs from 3 chickens/hens at each farm</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Kloaksvabbar från 3 kycklingar/höns på varje gård<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Kloaksvabbar från 3 kycklingar/höns på varje gård</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Physical measurements and tests<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Physical measurements and tests</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Fysiska mätningar och tester<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Fysiska mätningar och tester</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Antibiotic susceptibility testing via broth microdilution<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Antibiotic susceptibility testing via broth microdilution</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Antibiotikaresistenstestning via mikrodilution<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Antibiotikaresistenstestning via mikrodilution</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Physical measurements and tests<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Physical measurements and tests</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Fysiska mätningar och tester<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Fysiska mätningar och tester</concept></collMode>
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    </method>
    <dataAccs>
      <useStmt>
        <restrctn xml:lang="en">Access to data through SND. Access to data is restricted.</restrctn>
        <restrctn xml:lang="sv">Åtkomst till data via SND. Tillgång till data är begränsad.</restrctn>
        <conditions elementVersion="info:eu-repo-Access-Terms vocabulary">restrictedAccess</conditions>
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