Data and code for "Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe" Data and code for "Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe" 2025-225-1 SLU.ekol.2025.4.2.IÄ-8 https://doi.org/10.5878/5q25-8572 Swedish National Data Service Svensk nationell datatjänst Landing page Data and code for "Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe" Data and code for "Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe" 2025-225-1 SLU.ekol.2025.4.2.IÄ-8 https://doi.org/10.5878/5q25-8572 Vico, Giulia Vico, Giulia 2018-02872 2018-02872 2022-00928 2022-00928 PID2023-150863OR-100 BBS/E/C/000J0300 Swedish National Data Service Svensk nationell datatjänst Landing page carbohydrate kolhydrat biofuel biobränsle lipid lipid protein protein beef legumes forage oil crops root crops crop yield milk production europe poland united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland italy sweden spain leys crop rotation cereal crops long-term experiments macronutrients This repository contains the data and scripts underlining the article Vico et al. "Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe", Nature Food, 2026. For further information see the publication, https://www.nature.com/natfood/. We used data of calorie and macronutrient (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) outputs from 16 long term experiments in Europe to ascertain how they are affected by crop rotational diversity, as measured by functional richness. This repository includes a core dataset (macronutrients_wholerot.csv), comprising whole rotation calorie and macronutrient outputs for each year, rotation, replicate/other treatment for 13 of the 16 sites used in the analyses. We do not have permission to share data at a similar level of detail for the remaining three sites: for these, we provide whole rotation calorie and macronutrient outputs for each year and rotation, averaged over the different replicates/other treatments, along with the standard deviation and number of observations included in the averaging (macronutreints_wholerotaggr.csv). Information on the experiment location, period covered, rotations included and other treatments is available Table S1 in the Supplementary Information to Vico et al. Calorie and macronutrient outputs for each year are the sum of those provided by all the crops in the rotation, weighed based on the rotation length. In other words, these calorie and macronutrient outputs are those produced by a one ha farm, where all the crops in the rotation are grown on areas proportional to their frequency in the rotation. For each crop, we selected a common retail product (e.g., flour for each cereal) and used its nutritional value to transform the observed marketable yield into calorie and macronutrient outputs. We considered three scenarios of use for forage crops - for milk, beef or biofuel production. As a result, the dataset contains information on the site (name, code) and, for each year, group and rotation, information on the rotation (sequence of crops, functional richness, inclusion of cereals, legumes, leys and/or broadleaves, fertilization regime), and outputs in calories (Gcal/ha/yr) and macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats; kg/ha/yr) when forage crops are used for milk (M), beef (B) or biofuel (F) production. Primary crop yield data can be made available upon reasonable requests and for specific purposes. We include also the R code for analyzing the calorie and macronutrient outputs for each year, rotation and replicate/other treatment and produce the results incorporated in the article. Data och kod för Vico et al. "Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe", Nature Food, 2026. Se engelska för mer information. OtherOther ÖvrigtÖvrigt 16 long-term experiments are included in the study, representative of arable crops in Europe and covering a wide range of pedoclimatic conditions. Numeric Text Software The analyses rely on crop yield collated in randomly selected areas within each plot and then data aggregated by site, crop rotation, replicate/other treatment and year, transforming marketable yields in calorie and macronutrient outputs, assuming common retail products for each crop. The crop yield data had been collected at each long-term experiment, by local personell and following the local protocol.The analyses rely on crop yield collated in randomly selected areas within each plot and then data aggregated by site, crop rotation, replicate/other treatment and year, transforming marketable yields in calorie and macronutrient outputs, assuming common retail products for each crop. The crop yield data had been collected at each long-term experiment, by local personell and following the local protocol. Crop yield data and basic management information were provided by the contact person(s) currently responsible for the long-term experiment. The data were homogenized in format and combined in a single dataset of yields per site, crop, year, treatment(s). Yield data were later transformed in calorie and macronutrient outputs at aggregated per site, year, and treatment(s).Crop yield data and basic management information were provided by the contact person(s) currently responsible for the long-term experiment. The data were homogenized in format and combined in a single dataset of yields per site, crop, year, treatment(s). Yield data were later transformed in calorie and macronutrient outputs at aggregated per site, year, and treatment(s). Compilation/SynthesisCompilation/Synthesis Kompilering/SyntesKompilering/Syntes Access to data through SND. Data are freely accessible. Åtkomst till data via SND. Data är fritt tillgängliga. openAccess Vico G, Costa A, Smith ME, Bowles T, Gaudin ACM, Watson CA, Baldoni G, Berti A, Blecharczyk A, Jonczyk K, Mazzon M, Marzadori C, Morari F, Onofri A, Tenorio Pasamón JT, Sandström B, Santín-Montanyá I, Sawinska Z, Stalenga J, Tei F, Topp CFE, Walker RL, Bommarco R (2026), Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe, Nature Food Vico G, Costa A, Smith ME, Bowles T, Gaudin ACM, Watson CA, Baldoni G, Berti A, Blecharczyk A, Jonczyk K, Mazzon M, Marzadori C, Morari F, Onofri A, Tenorio Pasamón JT, Sandström B, Santín-Montanyá I, Sawinska Z, Stalenga J, Tei F, Topp CFE, Walker RL, Bommarco R (2026), Functionally rich crop rotations increase calorie and macronutrient outputs across Europe, Nature Food 2026