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    <citation>
      <titlStmt>
        <titl xml:lang="sv">Pre-registrering: Effekter av skolstartstider på ungdomars sömn i gymnasieskolor i Stockholm</titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="en">Pre-registration: Effects of school start times on adolescent sleep in Stockholm high schools</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="SND">2026-240-1</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="ki.se">4-1426/2025</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">https://doi.org/10.48723/w422-jb60</IDNo>
      </titlStmt>
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        <producer xml:lang="en" abbr="SND">Swedish National Data Service</producer>
        <producer xml:lang="sv" abbr="SND">Svensk nationell datatjänst</producer>
      </prodStmt>
      <holdings URI="https://doi.org/10.48723/w422-jb60">Landing page</holdings>
    </citation>
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  <stdyDscr>
    <citation>
      <titlStmt>
        <titl xml:lang="sv">Pre-registrering: Effekter av skolstartstider på ungdomars sömn i gymnasieskolor i Stockholm</titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="en">Pre-registration: Effects of school start times on adolescent sleep in Stockholm high schools</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="SND">2026-240-1</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="ki.se">4-1426/2025</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">https://doi.org/10.48723/w422-jb60</IDNo>
      </titlStmt>
      <rspStmt>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="en" affiliation="Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics [C7], Karolinska Institutet">Lemke, Theresa</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="sv" affiliation="Institutionen för lärande, informatik, management och etik (LIME), Karolinska Institutet">Lemke, Theresa</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="en" affiliation="Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics [C7], Karolinska Institutet">Hadlaczky, Gergö</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="sv" affiliation="Institutionen för lärande, informatik, management och etik (LIME), Karolinska Institutet">Hadlaczky, Gergö</AuthEnty>
      </rspStmt>
      <prodStmt />
      <distStmt>
        <distrbtr xml:lang="en" abbr="SND" URI="https://snd.se">Swedish National Data Service</distrbtr>
        <distrbtr xml:lang="sv" abbr="SND" URI="https://snd.se">Svensk nationell datatjänst</distrbtr>
        <distDate xml:lang="en" date="2026-09-04" />
      </distStmt>
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      </verStmt>
      <holdings URI="https://doi.org/10.48723/w422-jb60">Landing page</holdings>
    </citation>
    <stdyInfo>
      <subject>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/98723dfe-d5a5-4fab-a90d-bb2c6e62dfd4">SLEEP</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/98723dfe-d5a5-4fab-a90d-bb2c6e62dfd4">SÖMN</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/ef99efea-b776-4b11-b566-5f8923a2008d">YOUTH</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/ef99efea-b776-4b11-b566-5f8923a2008d">UNGDOM</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/8923bf3a-c8bc-4eec-8a46-604260ced0f7">ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/8923bf3a-c8bc-4eec-8a46-604260ced0f7">UNGDOMSPSYKOLOGI</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/c26b2c3a-a9ee-4020-9cba-1d61677b47e0">SCHOOL CLASSES</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id/6/c26b2c3a-a9ee-4020-9cba-1d61677b47e0">SKOLKLASS</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="EnvThes" vocabURI="http://vocabs.lter-europe.net/EnvThes/21331">simulation</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="EnvThes" vocabURI="http://vocabs.lter-europe.net/EnvThes/21331">simulering</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="en" vocab="MeSH" vocabURI="http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000094362">Sleep Duration</keyword>
        <keyword xml:lang="sv" vocab="MeSH" vocabURI="http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000094362">Sömnlängd</keyword>
        <topcClas xml:lang="en" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=Education.EducationalPolicy">Educational policy</topcClas>
        <topcClas xml:lang="sv" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=Education.EducationalPolicy">Utbildningspolitik</topcClas>
        <topcClas xml:lang="en" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=Health.GeneralHealthAndWellbeing">General health and well-being</topcClas>
        <topcClas xml:lang="sv" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=Health.GeneralHealthAndWellbeing">Allmän hälsa och välbefinnande</topcClas>
        <topcClas xml:lang="en" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=SocialStratificationAndGroupings.Youth">Youth</topcClas>
        <topcClas xml:lang="sv" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=SocialStratificationAndGroupings.Youth">Ungdomar</topcClas>
        <topcClas xml:lang="en" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=Health.PublicHealth">Public health</topcClas>
        <topcClas xml:lang="sv" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification?code=Health.PublicHealth">Folkhälsa</topcClas>
      </subject>
      <abstract xml:lang="en" contentType="abstract">For the purpose of pre-registration, the files provided at this stage contain simulated data only. The simulated data mirror the structure, variables, formats, and expected distributions of the real data that will be analysed. The simulation is grounded in observed parameters from the class schedules (School start times.csv) and published estimates of sleep duration in Swedish adolescents (Lemke et al., 2023).

This dataset is connected to a longitudinal observational study examining the association between school start times (SST) and sleep in upper secondary students in Stockholm, Sweden. 

Stockholm City has implemented delayed school start times (no earlier than 9:00 a.m.) in selected classes across three upper secondary schools during the 2025/26 academic year. This created variation in start times across classes, enabling an observational evaluation of how SST affects adolescents' sleep. The study uses naturally occurring variation in school start times across the classes, those with delayed SST and a selection of classes that maintained their original schedules, treating SST as a continuous class-level exposure variable.

Data were collected from n=527 upper secondary students (gymnasium, year 2) across 20 classes in three schools in Stockholm. Questionnaire data were collected at four time points: at the start of the school term (baseline), and at 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up. The primary outcome for this pre-registration is weekday sleep duration, measured via self-report using the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire (KSQ). The exposure variable is the weekly average school start time per class, derived from class schedules, expressed in hours from midnight and centered at 8:00 a.m.

The study uses a Bayesian multilevel modelling approach (three-level: measurement occasions nested within students nested within classes), implemented in R using the brms package. Missing data are handled via model-based imputation in brms.</abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="sv" contentType="abstract">För pre-registreringens syfte innehåller de filer som tillhandahålls i detta skede enbart simulerade data. De simulerade datafilerna speglar strukturen, variablerna, formaten och de förväntade fördelningarna i de verkliga data som senare kommer att analyseras. Simuleringen baseras på observerade parametrar från klassernas scheman (School start times.csv) samt publicerade skattningar av sömnlängd hos svenska ungdomar (Lemke et al., 2023).

Detta dataset är kopplat till en longitudinell observationsstudie som undersöker sambandet mellan skolstartstider (SST) och sömn hos gymnasieelever i Stockholm, Sverige. 

Stockholms stad har under läsåret 2025/26 infört senare skolstartstider (tidigast kl. 09.00) i utvalda klasser på tre gymnasieskolor. Detta har skapat variation i skolstartstider mellan klasser, vilket möjliggör en observationsbaserad utvärdering av hur skolstartstider påverkar ungdomars sömn. Studien utnyttjar den naturligt förekommande variationen i skolstartstider mellan klasser, där vissa klasser har försenade skolstarter medan andra har behållit sina ordinarie scheman. Skolstartstid behandlas som en kontinuerlig exponering på klassnivå.

Data samlades in från n = 527 gymnasieelever (årskurs 2) i 20 klasser på tre skolor i Stockholm. Enkätdata samlades in vid fyra mättillfällen: vid terminens början (baslinjemätning) samt efter 1, 3 och 6 månaders uppföljning. Det primära utfallet i denna förregistrering är sömnlängd på vardagar, mätt med självrapportering via Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire (KSQ).
Exponeringsvariabeln är klassens genomsnittliga skolstartstid per vecka, beräknad utifrån klasscheman och uttryckt i timmar från midnatt, centrerad vid kl. 08.00.

Studien använder en bayesiansk multilevelmodell (tre nivåer: mättillfällen inom elever inom klasser), implementerad i R med hjälp av paketet brms. Saknade data hanteras genom modellbaserad imputering i brms.</abstract>
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        <collDate xml:lang="en" date="2026-07" event="end">2026-07</collDate>
        <nation xml:lang="en" abbr="SE">Sweden</nation>
        <nation xml:lang="sv" abbr="SE">Sverige</nation>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="en" unit="Individual">Individual<concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/AnalysisUnit/2.1.3?languageVersion=en-2.1.3">Individual</concept></anlyUnit>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="sv" unit="Individ">Individ<concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/AnalysisUnit/2.1.3?languageVersion=sv-2.1.3">Individ</concept></anlyUnit>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="en" unit="Organization/Institution">Organization/Institution<concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/AnalysisUnit/2.1.3?languageVersion=en-2.1.3">Organization/Institution</concept></anlyUnit>
        <anlyUnit xml:lang="sv" unit="Organisation/institution">Organisation/institution<concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/AnalysisUnit/2.1.3?languageVersion=sv-2.1.3">Organisation/institution</concept></anlyUnit>
        <universe xml:lang="en">The pre-registration uses simulated data, which have been created in a way to reflect the study population of the study, which consists of high-school students from a sample of 3 schools (20 classes) in Stockholm.</universe>
        <universe xml:lang="sv">Förregistreringen använder simulerade data, som har skapats för att återspegla studiepopulationen, vilken består av gymnasieelever från ett urval av tre skolor (20 klasser) i Stockholm.</universe>
        <dataKind xml:lang="en">Numeric</dataKind>
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    <method>
      <dataColl>
        <timeMeth xml:lang="en">Longitudinal<concept vocab="DDI Time Method" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TimeMethod/1.2.3?languageVersion=en-1.2.3">Longitudinal</concept></timeMeth>
        <timeMeth xml:lang="sv">Longitudinell<concept vocab="DDI Time Method" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TimeMethod/1.2.3?languageVersion=sv-1.2.3">Longitudinell</concept></timeMeth>
        <sampProc xml:lang="en">For the purpose of pre-registration, the files provided at this stage contain simulated data only. The simulated data has been created in a way that mirrors the study design and collection of the actual data (see description below). 

The study was carried out at three Stockholm high-schools. These three schools were selected by the City of Stockholm's Education Administration. A total of 20 classes at the participating schools were sampled. Ten classes were chosen to implement school start times no earlier than 9:00 a.m., whereas ten classes were chosen by the schools to serve as control classes and to continue with their ordinary schedules. All students in the participating 20 classes were invited to participate in the surveys.<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=en-2.0.1">For the purpose of pre-registration, the files provided at this stage contain simulated data only. The simulated data has been created in a way that mirrors the study design and collection of the actual data (see description below). 

The study was carried out at three Stockholm high-schools. These three schools were selected by the City of Stockholm's Education Administration. A total of 20 classes at the participating schools were sampled. Ten classes were chosen to implement school start times no earlier than 9:00 a.m., whereas ten classes were chosen by the schools to serve as control classes and to continue with their ordinary schedules. All students in the participating 20 classes were invited to participate in the surveys.</concept></sampProc>
        <sampProc xml:lang="sv">För syftet med förregistreringen innehåller de filer som tillhandahålls i detta skede endast simulerade data. De simulerade data har skapats på ett sätt som återspeglar studiens upplägg och insamlingen av de faktiska data (se beskrivningen nedan). 

Studien genomfördes vid tre gymnasieskolor i Stockholm. Dessa tre skolor valdes ut av Stockholms stads utbildningsförvaltning. Totalt inkluderades 20 klasser från de deltagande skolorna. Tio klasser valdes ut för att införa skolstartstider tidigast kl. 09:00, medan tio klasser valdes ut av skolorna för att fungera som kontrollklasser och fortsätta med sina ordinarie scheman. Samtliga elever i de 20 deltagande klasserna bjöds in att delta i enkätundersökningarna.<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=sv-2.0.1">För syftet med förregistreringen innehåller de filer som tillhandahålls i detta skede endast simulerade data. De simulerade data har skapats på ett sätt som återspeglar studiens upplägg och insamlingen av de faktiska data (se beskrivningen nedan). 

Studien genomfördes vid tre gymnasieskolor i Stockholm. Dessa tre skolor valdes ut av Stockholms stads utbildningsförvaltning. Totalt inkluderades 20 klasser från de deltagande skolorna. Tio klasser valdes ut för att införa skolstartstider tidigast kl. 09:00, medan tio klasser valdes ut av skolorna för att fungera som kontrollklasser och fortsätta med sina ordinarie scheman. Samtliga elever i de 20 deltagande klasserna bjöds in att delta i enkätundersökningarna.</concept></sampProc>
        <sampProc xml:lang="en">Mixed probability and non-probability<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=en-2.0.1">Mixed probability and non-probability</concept></sampProc>
        <sampProc xml:lang="sv">Blandat sannolikhets- och icke-sannolikhetsurval<concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/SamplingProcedure/2.0.1?languageVersion=sv-2.0.1">Blandat sannolikhets- och icke-sannolikhetsurval</concept></sampProc>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Participating students filled in a web-based self-report questionnaire at four time-points during the academic year 2025/26, i.e., at baseline, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. 
Information on each classes school start times was retrieved from the classes schedules, provided by the school administrators.<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Participating students filled in a web-based self-report questionnaire at four time-points during the academic year 2025/26, i.e., at baseline, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. 
Information on each classes school start times was retrieved from the classes schedules, provided by the school administrators.</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Deltagande elever besvarade en webbaserad självskattningsenkät vid fyra mättillfällen under läsåret 2025/26: vid baslinjemätningen samt efter 1, 3 och 6 månaders uppföljning.
Information om varje klass skolstartstider hämtades från klassernas scheman, vilka tillhandahölls av skoladministrationen.<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Deltagande elever besvarade en webbaserad självskattningsenkät vid fyra mättillfällen under läsåret 2025/26: vid baslinjemätningen samt efter 1, 3 och 6 månaders uppföljning.
Information om varje klass skolstartstider hämtades från klassernas scheman, vilka tillhandahölls av skoladministrationen.</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="en">Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI)<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=en-5.0.0">Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI)</concept></collMode>
        <collMode xml:lang="sv">Självadministrerat frågeformulär: webbaserat<concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/ModeOfCollection/5.0.0?languageVersion=sv-5.0.0">Självadministrerat frågeformulär: webbaserat</concept></collMode>
      </dataColl>
    </method>
    <dataAccs>
      <useStmt>
        <restrctn xml:lang="en">Access to data through SND. Data are freely accessible.</restrctn>
        <restrctn xml:lang="sv">Åtkomst till data via SND. Data är fritt tillgängliga.</restrctn>
        <conditions elementVersion="info:eu-repo-Access-Terms vocabulary">openAccess</conditions>
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