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        <parTitl xml:lang="en">Spark generation around forwarders
Quantifying spark spread from bogie tracks striking stones</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="SND">doi-10-71775-kth-xme8h-jc618-0</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">https://doi.org/10.71775/KTH.XME8H-JC618</IDNo>
      </titlStmt>
      <prodStmt>
        <producer xml:lang="en" abbr="SND">Swedish National Data Service</producer>
        <producer xml:lang="sv" abbr="SND">Svensk nationell datatjänst</producer>
      </prodStmt>
      <holdings URI="https://doi.org/10.71775/KTH.XME8H-JC618">Landing page</holdings>
    </citation>
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    <citation>
      <titlStmt>
        <titl xml:lang="sv"></titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="en">Spark generation around forwarders
Quantifying spark spread from bogie tracks striking stones</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="SND">doi-10-71775-kth-xme8h-jc618-0</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">https://doi.org/10.71775/KTH.XME8H-JC618</IDNo>
      </titlStmt>
      <rspStmt>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="en" affiliation="KTH Royal Institute of Technology">Strand, Filip</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="en" affiliation="Forestry Research Institute of Sweden">Hansson, Linnea</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty xml:lang="en" affiliation="KTH Royal Institute of Technology">Asplund, Fredrik</AuthEnty>
      </rspStmt>
      <prodStmt>
        <grantNo xml:lang="en" agency="Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry">SLh2024-0009</grantNo>
        <grantNo xml:lang="en" agency="Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency">2023-16514</grantNo>
      </prodStmt>
      <distStmt>
        <distrbtr xml:lang="en" abbr="SND" URI="https://snd.se">Swedish National Data Service</distrbtr>
        <distrbtr xml:lang="sv" abbr="SND" URI="https://snd.se">Svensk nationell datatjänst</distrbtr>
        <distDate xml:lang="en" date="2026-03-23" />
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        <version elementVersion="0" elementVersionDate="2026-03-23" />
      </verStmt>
      <holdings URI="https://doi.org/10.71775/KTH.XME8H-JC618">Landing page</holdings>
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      <subject />
      <abstract xml:lang="en" contentType="abstract">This dataset contains recordings of spark generation events produced when a forwarder equipped with bogie tracks strikes stones under semi-controlled field conditions. The data were collected to quantify spark occurrence and spatial spread, supporting research on wildfire ignition mechanisms and fire risk mitigation in forestry operations.

The dataset includes thermal imaging, RGB video, LiDAR data, and aggregated measurements derived from controlled field experiments conducted in south-central Sweden.

Data collection

Field experiments were conducted at two sites (Site A and Site B) in south-central Sweden. A Komatsu 895 forwarder equipped with bogie tracks was driven over boulders at controlled speeds (0.5, 1, and 3 km/h).

Each stone was traversed multiple times, resulting in a total of 79 recorded passes.

Sensors used:

Thermal camera: FLIR A655sc (resolution: 640x480 pixels, frame rate: 25 Hz) (for detecting sparks)

RGB camera: ZED 2 (provided to facilitate the interpretation of the LiDAR data and thermal camera images)

LiDAR: Velodyne VLP-16 (for determining spark travel distance)

Sensors were mounted on a portable platform positioned approximately 7 m behind the stone, aligned with the bogie track–stone contact point.

Data processing

Spark events were manually identified from thermal recordings using FLIR Research Studio version 2025.01.0. The spark travel distance was determined with the help of the LiDAR data (viewed/analyzed in MATLAB Lidar Viewer 2024b). The aggregated data includes:

Number of sparks per pass

Spark travel distance (binned: 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–45 cm, &gt;45 cm)

Forwarder speed (0.5, 1, 3 km/h)

Site A vs Site B (new vs worn cleats)</abstract>
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        <restrctn xml:lang="en">Access to data through an external actor. </restrctn>
        <restrctn xml:lang="sv">Åtkomst till data via extern aktör. </restrctn>
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