Forests of the world constitute one third of the total land area and are critical for e.g. carbon balance, biodiversity, water supply, and as source for bio-based products. Although the terrain within forest land has a great impact on accessibility, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of its variation in slope. The aim was to address that knowledge gap and create a globally consistent dataset of the distribution and area of forest land within different slope classes. A Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was performed using the open source QGIS, GDAL, and R software. The core of the analysis was a digital elevation model and a forest cover mask, both with a final resolution of 90 metres. The total forest area according to the forest mask was 4.15 billion hectares whereof 82% was on slope less than 15°. The remaining 18% was distributed over the following slope classes, with 6% on a 15-20° slope, 8% on a 20-30° slope, and 4% on a slope >30°. Out of the major forestry countries, China had the largest proportion of forest steeper than 15° followed by Chile and India. A sensitivity analysis with 20 metres resolution resulted in increased steep areas by 1 percent point in flat Sweden and by 11 percent points in steep Austria. In addition to country-specific and aggregated results of slope distribution and forest area, a global raster dataset is also made freely available, to cover user-specific areas that are not necessarily demarcated by country borders. Apart from predicting the regional possibilities for different harvesting equipment, which was the original idea behind this study, the results can be used to relate geographical forest variables to slope. The results could also be used in strategic forest fire fighting and large scale planning of forest conservation and management. Raster dataset in GeoTIFF format. The data is unprojected (EPSG: 4326) and the resolution is 90 m at most, however the map-unit is degrees. Five files in total where the number in the filename indicates the proximity to the equator. File with number 1 covers the area from 0 to 49 degrees latitude, both north and south, number 2N covers latitude 50-59° north, number 2S covers latitude 50-59° south, number 3 covers latitude 60-69° north and number 4 covers latitude 70-79° north. The GeoTIFF files are in high resolution and are intended to be used with GIS software. We also provide PNG versions of the raster datasets, with XML geographic metadata, generated using GDAL in low resolution, to enable quick preview with a standard picture viewer.
Lundbäck, M., Persson, H., Häggström, C. & Nordfjell, T. (2021). Global analysis of the slope of forest land. Forestry: An International Journal Of Forest Research. 94(1), 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpaa021
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Including: Remote Sensing, Geodesy, Geophysical Engineering, Geographical Information Technology
Including: Silviculture, Forest Genetics, Forest Mycology, Forest Pathology, Forest Technology, Forest History, Forest Ecology, Forest Economics
Biogeophysics Biogeochemistry, Soil Microbiology, Plant-Soil Interactions
Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation
Rearing of animals and/or cultivation of plants.
Flora and/or fauna in natural environment.
Information pertaining to earth sciences.
The act or process of felling or uprooting standing trees, in order to produce timber products.
The management of forest lands for wood, forages, water, wildlife, and recreation.
under cultivated land or non-cultivated stands of trees of a size of more than 0.5 hectares with crown cover of more than 10 per cent and on which trees are able to grow to a height of 5 metes or more at maturity
Units of administration, dividing areas where Member States have and/or exercise jurisdictional rights, for local, regional and national governance, separated by administrative boundaries.
Digital elevation models for land, ice and ocean surface. Includes terrestrial elevation, bathymetry and shoreline.
Geology characterised according to composition and structure. Includes bedrock, aquifers and geomorphology.
Physical and biological cover of the earth's surface including artificial surfaces, agricultural areas, forests, (semi-)natural areas, wetlands, water bodies.
Soils and subsoil characterised according to depth, texture, structure and content of particles and organic material, stoniness, erosion, where appropriate mean slope and anticipated water storage capacity.
data/Global analysis of the slope of forest land - PNG files.zip
data/Global analysis of the slope of forest land - TIF files.zip