Barns uppfattningar och hanteringsstrategier av sin ADHD - en pilotstudie
Dokumentationsfiler
Dokumentationsfiler
Citering och åtkomst
Citering och åtkomst
Tillgänglighetsnivå:
Skapare/primärforskare:
Forskningshuvudman:
Diarienummer hos huvudman:
- SU-317-0056-23
Data innehåller personuppgifter:
Ja
Typ av personuppgifter:
Medicinsk information
Data innehåller känsliga personuppgifter:
Ja
Citering:
Metod och utfall
Metod och utfall
Analysenhet:
Population:
Data samlades in med hjälp av Children’s Appraisals and Management of ADHD (CAM-ADHD), ett frågeformulär som utvecklades för studien, frågeformuläret Stress in Children (SiC) samt demografiska och medicinska frågor. Syftet med CAM-ADHD är att samla in data om hur barn med ADHD bedömer orsakerna till sina symtom och vilka strategier de använder för att hantera dem. Utvecklingen av frågeformuläret baserades på den metod som föreslagits av Davis (1992). Först skapades en pool av 80 påståenden som beskrev olika bedömningar av symtomorsaker och strategier för att hantera dessa. Baserat på tidigare studier (Ringer, 2019; Wong et al., 2018) omfattade påståendena tre typer av orsaksbedömningar — biologiska, miljörelaterade och personlighetsrelaterade — samt tre typer av hanteringsstrategier: självkontroll, att be lärare om anpassningar och tillbakadragande. En oberoende grupp av fem experter inom området (två psykologer, två specialpedagoger och en arbetsterapeut), rekryterade genom professionella nätverk, ombads att bedöma relevansen av varje påstående för frågeformulärets syfte på en fyrgradig skala (1 = inte relevant, 2 = något relevant, 3 = ganska relevant, 4 = mycket relevant) (Davis, 1992). Totalt valdes 24 påståenden som av samtliga experter bedömts som mycket relevanta ut för att utgöra det initiala instrumentet. För att undersöka begripligheten intervjuades en grupp av fem barn i åldrarna 10 till 16 år, samtliga diagnostiserade med ADHD, om hur de förstod påståendena. Barnen ombads förklara innebörden av varje påstående med egna ord. Påståenden som upplevdes som otydliga omformulerades. Alla påståenden relaterar till skolkontexten. Exempel på påståenden som beskriver bedömningar av biologiska orsaker är ”Jag tappar tålamodet på grund av min hjärna” och ”Jag är rastlös på grund av min hjärna”. Påståenden som beskriver bedömningar av miljörelaterade orsaker är ”Jag är rastlös för att klassrummet är stökigt” och ”Jag tappar tålamodet för att andra pratar för länge”. Exempel på påståenden som beskriver att personligheten är orsaken är ”Jag är rastlös för att det är så jag är som person” och ”Jag tappar tålamodet för att det är så jag är som person”. Påståenden som beskriver strategier för självkontroll är till exempel ”Om jag är rastlös på lektionen försöker jag kontrollera mig ännu mer” och ”Om jag tappar fokus när jag arbetar i klassen anstränger jag mig för att hålla fokus”. Påståenden som beskriver att be lärare om hjälp är till exempel ”Om jag är rastlös på lektionen ber jag min lärare om hjälp” och ”Om jag tappar fokus när jag arbetar i klassen ber jag min lärare om hjälp”. Påståenden som beskriver strategier för tillbakadragande är till exempel ”Om jag är rastlös på lektionen går jag runt eller lämnar klassrummet” och ”Om jag tappar fokus när jag arbetar i klassen lämnar jag uppgiften”. Instruktionen för påståenden som beskriver bedömningar lyder: ”Här är påståenden som beskriver olika sätt att tänka. Hur vanligt är det att DU tänker så? Välj det alternativ som passar dig bäst: Aldrig, Ibland, Ofta, Alltid.” Instruktionen för påståenden som beskriver hanteringsstrategier lyder: ”Här är påståenden som beskriver olika sätt att reagera. Hur vanligt är det att DU reagerar så? Välj det alternativ som passar dig bäst: Aldrig, Ibland, Ofta, Alltid.” SiC är ett självskattningsformulär utformat för att mäta stress hos barn (Osika et al., 2007). Det innehåller 21 påståenden som beskriver erfarenheter relaterade till stress. Formuläret använder svarsalternativ i form av en fyrgradig Likert-skala: ”aldrig”, ”ibland”, ”ofta” och ”alltid”. Deltagarna ombeds ange det alternativ som bäst beskriver deras erfarenhet. Påståendena beskriver fysiska upplevelser (t.ex. ”Jag har huvudvärk”, ”Jag har magont”), emotionella upplevelser (t.ex. ”Jag blir arg”, ”Jag känner mig glad”) och sociala upplevelser (t.ex. ”När något är svårt finns det en vuxen jag kan prata med”, ”När något är svårt hjälper det att vara med mina vänner”). SiC utvecklades och validerades i Sverige och har visat goda psykometriska egenskaper (Osika et al., 2007).
Studiedesign:
- Tvärsnittsstudie
- Observationsstudie
Beskrivning av studiedesign:
Method: Data were collected via questionnaires completed by 97 children with ADHD, aged 10 to 16. The Children’s Appraisals and Management of ADHD (CAM-ADHD) questionnaire was developed for the study to assess the participants’ appraisals of causes and management strategies, and the Stress in Children (SiC) questionnaire was used to assess psychological stress. The analysis aimed to identify factors and correlations.
Beskrivning av urval:
The inclusion criteria for participation in the study were a formal ADHD diagnosis and the ability to read and understand the Swedish language. With the ambition of achieving variation among participants, recruitment was done via special educators at schools as well as nurses and clinical psychologists at child and youth medical clinics in the city of Stockholm. The children and their parents received written information about the study immediately upon scheduling a time to meet at the school or clinic. Parents, and children aged 15 and over, who agreed to participate gave their written consent, and the children completed the questionnaire on site. The families were assured of the participants’ anonymity, as well as the children’s right to quit or not answer questions. The completed questionnaires and the signed consent were then collected by the first author.
Variabler:
60
Antal individer/objekt:
97
Beskrivning av svarsfrekvens/deltagarfrekvens:
När data inte hade lämnats av deltagaren kodades de motsvarande värdena som bortfall i SPSS-matrisen.
Dataformat/datastruktur:
Datainsamling - Självadministrerat frågeformulär: papper
Datainsamling - Självadministrerat frågeformulär: papper
Insamlingsmetod:
Självadministrerat frågeformulär: papper
Beskrivning av insamlingsmetod:
The present study employed a correlational design in which data were collected via a paper-format questionnaire administered to children with ADHD. Recruitment procedure The inclusion criteria for participation in the study were a formal ADHD diagnosis and the ability to read and understand the Swedish language. With the ambition of achieving variation among participants, recruitment was done via special educators at schools as well as nurses and clinical psychologists at child and youth medical clinics in the city of Stockholm. The children and their parents received written information about the study immediately upon scheduling a time to meet at the school or clinic. Parents, and children aged 15 and over, who agreed to participate gave their written consent, and the children completed the questionnaire on site. The families were assured of the participants’ anonymity, as well as the children’s right to quit or not answer questions. The completed questionnaires and the signed consent were then collected by the first author. Instruments Data were collected via the Children’s Appraisals and Management of ADHD (CAM-ADHD) – a questionnaire that was developed for the study – as well as the Stress in Children (SiC) questionnaire and demographic and medical questions. CAM-ADHD The aim of the CAM-ADHD is to collect data on how children with ADHD appraise the causes of their symptoms, as well as what strategies they use to manage them. The development of the questionnaire was based on the method suggested by Davis (1992). Firstly, we created a “pool” of 80 statements describing different appraisals of what causes ADHD symptoms as well as ways of managing them. Based on the results of previous studies (Ringer, 2019; Wong et al., 2018), the items covered three types of appraisals regarding causes (biological, environmental, and personality causes) and three types of management strategies (self-control, asking teachers for adjustment, and withdrawal). An independent group of five experts in the field (two psychologists, two special educators, one work therapist), recruited through professional networks, was asked to rate the relevance of each statement for the purpose of the questionnaire, based on a four-point scale (1=not relevant, 2=somewhat relevant, 3=quite relevant, 4=very relevant) (Davis, 1992). A total of 24 statements that were assessed by all raters as very relevant were selected for the initial instrument. To examine the comprehensibility of these statements, a group of five children aged 10 to 16 years who were diagnosed with ADHD were interviewed about their comprehensibility. The children were asked to explain in their own words the meaning of every statement, and statements that were unclear were reformulated. All statements are situated within the school context. Those that describe appraisals of biological causes include, for instance, “I lose my patience because of my brain” and “I’m restless because of my brain”. Those that describe appraisals of environmental causes include “I’m restless because the classroom is messy” and “I lose my patience because other people talk for too long”. Examples of statements that describe the child’s appraisal that their personality is the cause of their ADHD include “I’m restless because that’s who I am as a person” and “I lose my patience because that’s who I am as a person”. Statements that describe management strategies of self-control include “If I’m restless in class, I try to control myself even more” and “If I lose focus when working in class, I make an effort to stay focused”. Statements that describe management by asking teachers for help include “If I’m restless in class, I ask my teacher for help” and “If I lose focus when working in class, I ask my teacher for help”. Statements that describe management by releasing control include “If I’m restless in class, I walk around or leave the classroom” and “If I lose focus when working in class, I ignore the assignment”. The instruction for statements describing appraisals is “Here are some statements that describe different ways of thinking. How often do YOU think these ways? Choose from: Never, Sometimes, Often, Always”. The instruction for statements describing management strategies is “Here are some statements that describe different ways of reacting. How often do YOU react these ways? Choose from: Never, Sometimes, Often, Always”. Stress in Children (SiC) SiC, a self-rating questionnaire for assessing stress in children (Osika et al., 2007), includes 21 items concerning experiences related to stress. The questionnaire uses Likert-scale response categories with the four alternatives “Never”, “Sometimes”, “Often” and “Always”, and participants are asked to indicate the alternative that best describes their experience. Items describe physical experiences (e.g. “I have a headache”, “I have a stomachache”), emotional experiences (e.g. “I get angry”, “I feel happy”), and social experiences (e.g. “When things are hard, there’s an adult I can talk to”, “When things are hard, it helps to be with my friends”). SiC was developed and validated in Sweden, and has been shown to have good psychometric properties (Osika et al., 2007). Data analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 27 for Windows, Chicago, IL). Standard statistical methods were used for identifying outliers, missing values, and descriptive statistics, and for determining the variables’ distributions. For the factor analysis of the CAM-ADHD we used exploratory principal components analysis. For identifying the relations between the participants’ characteristics and the CAM-ADHD subscales we used linear regressions, with the subscales’ scores as dependent variables. For associations between the CAM-ADHD subscales and the SiC global scores we used Spearman’s Rho. Statistical significance was set at p (two-tailed) <0.05. Cronbach’s alpha was used for the analysis of internal consistency.
Tidsperiod(er) för datainsamling:
2024 - 2025
Urvalsstorlek:
97
Antal ej svarande:
1
Instrument
Instrument
Namn:
Child's Appraisal and Coping with ADHD
Typ:
Strukturerat frågeformulär
Beskrivning av instrument:
The aim of the CAM-ADHD is to collect data on how children with ADHD appraise the causes of their symptoms, as well as what strategies they use to manage them. The development of the questionnaire was based on the method suggested by Davis (1992). Firstly, we created a “pool” of 80 statements describing different appraisals of what causes ADHD symptoms as well as ways of managing them. Based on the results of previous studies (Ringer, 2019; Wong et al., 2018), the items covered three types of appraisals regarding causes (biological, environmental, and personality causes) and three types of management strategies (self-control, asking teachers for adjustment, and withdrawal). An independent group of five experts in the field (two psychologists, two special educators, one work therapist), recruited through professional networks, was asked to rate the relevance of each statement for the purpose of the questionnaire, based on a four-point scale (1=not relevant, 2=somewhat relevant, 3=quite relevant, 4=very relevant) (Davis, 1992). A total of 24 statements that were assessed by all raters as very relevant were selected for the initial instrument. To examine the comprehensibility of these statements, a group of five children aged 10 to 16 years who were diagnosed with ADHD were interviewed about their comprehensibility. The children were asked to explain in their own words the meaning of every statement, and statements that were unclear were reformulated. All statements are situated within the school context. Those that describe appraisals of biological causes include, for instance, “I lose my patience because of my brain” and “I’m restless because of my brain”. Those that describe appraisals of environmental causes include “I’m restless because the classroom is messy” and “I lose my patience because other people talk for too long”. Examples of statements that describe the child’s appraisal that their personality is the cause of their ADHD include “I’m restless because that’s who I am as a person” and “I lose my patience because that’s who I am as a person”. Statements that describe management strategies of self-control include “If I’m restless in class, I try to control myself even more” and “If I lose focus when working in class, I make an effort to stay focused”. Statements that describe management by asking teachers for help include “If I’m restless in class, I ask my teacher for help” and “If I lose focus when working in class, I ask my teacher for help”. Statements that describe management by releasing control include “If I’m restless in class, I walk around or leave the classroom” and “If I lose focus when working in class, I ignore the assignment”. The instruction for statements describing appraisals is “Here are some statements that describe different ways of thinking. How often do YOU think these ways? Choose from: Never, Sometimes, Often, Always”. The instruction for statements describing management strategies is “Here are some statements that describe different ways of reacting. How often do YOU react these ways? Choose from: Never, Sometimes, Often, Always”.
Namn:
Child in Stress
Typ:
Strukturerat frågeformulär
Beskrivning av instrument:
Stress in Children (SiC) SiC, a self-rating questionnaire for assessing stress in children (Osika et al., 2007), includes 21 items concerning experiences related to stress. The questionnaire uses Likert-scale response categories with the four alternatives “Never”, “Sometimes”, “Often” and “Always”, and participants are asked to indicate the alternative that best describes their experience. Items describe physical experiences (e.g. “I have a headache”, “I have a stomachache”), emotional experiences (e.g. “I get angry”, “I feel happy”), and social experiences (e.g. “When things are hard, there’s an adult I can talk to”, “When things are hard, it helps to be with my friends”). SiC was developed and validated in Sweden, and has been shown to have good psychometric properties (Osika et al., 2007).
Geografisk täckning
Geografisk täckning
Geografisk beskrivning:
Stockholm
Administrativ information
Administrativ information
Ansvarig institution/enhet:
Specialpedagogiska institutionen
Medverkande:
Etikprövning:
Etikprövningsmyndigheten - 2021-01004
Finansiering
Finansiering
Finansiär:
- Stiftelsen Clas Groschinskys Minnesfond
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Projektnamn på ansökan:
Barns Uppfattningar och Hanteringsstrategier av sin ADHD- en pilot studie
